Ethical Behaviors in an Academic Field Research Paper

Moral Behaviors in an Academic Field - Research Paper Example The exploration paper Moral Behaviors in an Academic Field examines the moral practices in a scholarly field and the issue of copyright infringement which alludes to the methodology or demonstration of duplicating and taking crafted by another person and afterward utilizing such work as though they had a place with the individual who has replicated them. It incorporates coordinating the contemplations, thoughts, and assessments of another researcher or researcher and afterward passing or including such thoughts, musings and suppositions into crafted by one without giving any acknowledgment or thankfulness to them. In the scholastic, academic and examination cycles, it happens when the writer or an individual duplicates data from books of the web word by word with the aim or point of imagining that one was the proprietor and unique writer or initiator of such. In some other occurrence, individuals rework, modify, take words or sum up the thoughts and considerations of different resear chers and scholars without perceiving or valuing the wellspring of the data. This would be worthy maintained a strategic distance from by figuring in inside or in text reference where the individual statements the thoughts and contemplations of someone else yet then recognizes the creator by referencing their names following such words or statements. Self-literary theft is where an understudy utilizes their past works for future or ensuing assignments. This is so when an understudy or an individual attempts to utilize their past contemplations and thoughts or assessment to respond to questions or do investigate in future assignments and scholastic works.

Still More Words That Turn on the Root Vert

Still More Words That Turn on the Root Vert Still More Words That Turn on the Root Vert Still More Words That Turn on the Root Vert By Mark Nichol Two late posts (here and here) managed huge numbers of the English words dependent on the Latin action word vertere, which means â€Å"turn,† concentrating on those dependent on the root vert. This subsequent post characterizes some extra words in the vertere family: those with the root vers. Versus (shortened versus or on the other hand, in lawful settings, v.) comes legitimately from the Latin modifier meaning â€Å"so as to face† and implies â€Å"against† or â€Å"in differentiate to.† As a Latin thing, versus implied â€Å"furrow† or â€Å"row,† suggesting how a furrow was turned toward the finish of each column, and later gained the feeling of a line and a line of composing, thus stanza. That word relates to a line of metrical composition, a sonnet specifically or verse when all is said in done, a refrain (one of at least two areas of a sonnet) or a comparative portion of a melody, or a short division of the Bible. Strangely, an antonym of refrain in the feeling of â€Å"poetry,† composition, which alludes to all the more approximately organized types of composing that take after discourse and to standard composed and communicated in language or, derogatorily, something dull or customary (portrayed with the descriptive word mundane and the qualifier mundanely)- is a constriction of proversus, which means â€Å"turned forward.† Prose itself works likewise as a modifier (as in â€Å"prose poem,† alluding to a cross breed type of composing) and as an action word. Verso (â€Å"the page being turned†) implies â€Å"left-hand page† or â€Å"reverse side of a page.† (The contrary term is recto.) â€Å"Vice versa,† taken legitimately from Latin, implies â€Å"with the request turned.† Versatile (from versatilis, which means â€Å"able to or equipped for turning† or â€Å"operated by turning†) for the most part depicts having the option to abandon one thing to another, for example, two particular abilities, or having inconstancy or different applications; such a quality is called flexibility. In science, it portrays free development of a member or fragment of a creature or plant. Form, obtained straightforwardly from the medieval Latin action word meaning â€Å"act of turning,† alludes to a variety of a depiction of something or a kind of something, and in medication relates to an organ of the body abandoned its typical position or to the turning of a baby during labor to encourage conveyance. Commemoration actually implies â€Å"year turning† and portrays a repeat of a date, regardless of whether yearly or on some other scale, or alludes to a festival of such a date. Unfriendly, which actually implies â€Å"turn against,† alludes to an activity or disposition that is unsafe, threatening, or horrible; a foe is an adversary or rival. Malversation, actually â€Å"bad turn,† relates to defilement or a degenerate government organization. Front (actually, â€Å"turned toward†) implies â€Å"facing† or â€Å"opposite† yet additionally depicts something more extensive at the top than at the base. Transverse methods â€Å"placed across† or relates to something so situated, while navigate implies â€Å"travel across or over,† â€Å"move or go along or through,† â€Å"examine,† or â€Å"survey†; in legitimate settings, it implies â€Å"deny† or â€Å"oppose.† As a thing, it portrays a course or crossing or other development, or a snag or something that crosses. Universe, from universus, which means â€Å"whole,† portrays, in settings going from space science to reasoning, the whole of presence or experience, or something correspondingly far reaching or of incredible amount; the descriptive structure is widespread, and the thing depicting the quality or condition of breadth is all inclusiveness. The related term college, got from the Latin expression universitas magistrorum et scholarium (basically, â€Å"community of instructors and scholars†), alludes to an establishment of higher learning, frequently made out of a few schools, schools, or different divisions. Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:70 Home Idioms and ExpressionsCapitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsIs Number Singular or Plural?

Overcomming Obstacles in Kaffir Boy by Mark Mathebane :: Kaffir Boy Mark Mathebane

Overcomming Obstacles in Kaffir Boy  In the book Kaffir Boy by Mark Mathebane there are numerous impediments that Mark the  protagonist needs to survive. The first of his issues was to get past school in his poor South African ghetto. The second was to accomplish his objective and get a tennis grant to an American school.  â â â â â â â â â â Mark’s father is one of the significant rival, he was restricted anything to do with Mark getting training in a school. He was a customary man and he didn’t like whatever had to do with the â€Å"white man†. He thought it was hogwash to get a whiteman’s training and he wouldn’t give the cash that was important to get Mark through school. Imprint was helped through this circumstance by his Mother who was the individual who needed Mark so frantically to go to class. She chose to conflict with Mark’s Father and send Mark to class. She at that point needed to find a new line of work which was illicit for her to do so in light of the fact that she didn’t have the necessary go from the South African government. With the minimal expenditure that his mom made and some cash that his grandma gave him he was  able to pay for his tutoring or if nothing else some of it. He frequently was without the necessary materials like a school uniform and books. This at that point brought about Mark being beaten at school. These beatings turned out to be so serious and frequently that Mark considered dropping out of school. His Mother helped him conclude that he should remain in school since she realized that a training was the main way out of their life of destitution. Through the help of Mark’s Mother and grandma Mark discovered achievement in school. He quite often was positioned in the highest point of his group and got grants to proceed in school. Toward the finish of Mark’s tutoring he gets a vocation offering in South Africa for him to fill in as a  manger of the organization, he chooses to acknowledge this activity for the present since his family required the cash to send his siblings and sisters to class. Imprint end up effectively enduring school and winding up being one of the top in his group.  â â â â â â â â â â The subsequent significant clash in the book was that Mark needed to get a grant to an American school.

Addiction of Second Life Online Game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fixation of Second Life Online Game - Essay Example They can too contribute to their general surroundings, framing structures and various different things, even recreations. Occupant considerations to the virtual world are known as client created substance, and this substance is among the viewpoints that makes Second Life just one of its sort web based setting, and have a colossal number of clients who are severely dependent on this game. For the individuals who play Second Life, this is a game that is much something other than a normal game. For the players, it is an online word where they can get an opportunity to get a new beginning just as another â€Å"lease of life† (Kim et al, 2008, p. 214); and whenever individuals get an opportunity to make a new beginning thing, it can turn out to be to some degree hard not to get excessively engaged with it. Every day, an ever increasing number of individuals joining the Second Life and investing the greater part of their energy inside this virtual world. While pretty much everybody expresses that they play the game just for pleasure, for most of them, this is â€Å"more than only a game† (Kim et al, 2008, p. 215). Second Life uses the â€Å"Havok 1 material science engine† (Boulos et al, 2007, p. 236). This product makes real material science inside a virtual setting. The material science motor chooses the manner in which symbols act inside the virtual world, along with crash acknowledgment - the motor illuminates the product how the every thing ought to react when they get are in contact, vehicle exercises and what reenactments appear to be. The more refined the material science motor, the more practical movements using it will be.

What are the best treatments for Post traumatic stress disorder Research Paper

What are the best medicines for Post horrendous pressure issue - Research Paper Example The present commonness of PTSD in the United States as introduced by The National Comorbidity Survey Replication is roughly 6.8 percent in the grown-up populace. The yearly commonness of the condition is 3.5 percent. It has additionally been evaluated that the pervasiveness in females is twice when contrasted with that in guys. PTSD is a condition which is connected with other comorbid mental conditions like significant burdensome issue, social fear and bipolar issue. The National Comorbidity Survey has additionally introduced that auxiliary mental conditions may likewise result because of PTSD which incorporate state of mind issue or guilty pleasure in substance misuse. PTSD not just influences the psychological working of an individual yet it additionally will in general raise the danger of neurotic conditions like congestive heart pathologies just as hypertension, renal and hepatic issue. (Ivanova 314). The principle etiological factor for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is viewed as an awful experience which influences the individual mentally (Walsh 65). This prompts the advancement of the three principle side effects of the condition which incorporate â€Å"terror, disgrace and helplessness.† (Krippner 11). It should be comprehended that not all people who are presented to horrendous mishaps create PTSD. An investigation directed to survey the reasons for PTSD uncovered that horrendous encounters like rape and physical maltreatment made an individual increasingly inclined to create PTSD. In any case, different elements like hereditary qualities, the character of an individual, instructive capabilities just as social help likewise assume a job and make certain people progressively powerless while shield others from building up this condition (Ford 56). Mental injury can happen because of numerous reasons which incorporate battle, mishaps, rape, physical and sexual maltreatment. In the year 2005, the Royal College of Psychiatrists clarified that PTSD may happen because of different reasons. These included armed force battles, psychological oppressor

Design Squad Pretty much the opposite of The O.C.

Design Squad Pretty much the opposite of The O.C. As a kid, I always secretly dreamed of being on a TV show. Had there been a program like Design Squad a new reality design competition series produced by Boston’s public broadcasting station, WGBH â€" maybe my dream could have been realized. But alas, the show is only airing its first episode tomorrow (watch it now by clicking here). “Eight high schoolers design and build machines â€" from dragsters to an automatic pancake maker â€" for real-life clients. Over 13 weeks and under intense pressure, Design Squad cast members learn to think smart, build fast, and contend with an array of engineering challenges. Working in groups of four, each team has just two days to complete the project. Challenges range from converting kiddie toys into a dragster to creating moving art for a museum and designing a low-cost peanut butter machine for a womens collective in Haiti. Heeding advice from Design Squads engineer hosts â€" twentysomething duo Nate and Deanne â€" contestants brainstorm, design, build, test, and redesign before putting their work to the test. Keeping their eyes on the grand prize â€" a $10,000 college scholarship from the Intel Foundation â€" Design Squad cast members discover that engineering can make anything possible.” â€" WGBH website Since one of the hosts of the show, Nate Ball, is an MIT student and this is National Engineering Week, there was a sneak preview of the show today in the largest lecture hall in the Stata Center. Not only was the audience packed with parents, children, and students, but almost the entire cast was also in attendance. (Oh, and one of the high school students on the show was admitted to MIT early action, so maybe shell be your classmate next year!) Nate is currently getting his Masters at MIT and he graduated last year with a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering. I had the opportunity to work for him for a while, since we are both in the BioInstrumentation Lab. In other exciting news, he just won the $30,000 Lemelson-MIT Student Prize for inventiveness. His inventions include a Lorentz-force actuator that is being used in the lab’s needle-free injector and a powered rope ascender (climbs a 30-story building in 30 seconds!) If you’re interested, the show will be airing Saturday at 11:30 am on WGBH. Afterwards, you will be able to watch episodes on the website: http://www.pbskidsgo.org/designsquad.

Asset Distribution - 825 Words

Asset Distribution (Research Paper Sample) Content: Name Subject Instructor Date Asset Distribution As the Executor to my aunt’s estate, my responsibility is to distribute the remaining $300,000 assets to two worthy 501C.3 organizations. There are four potential organizations. These are Doctors without Borders, USA, American Red Cross, Save the Children, and The Nature Conservancy. The Doctors without Borders organization provides emergency medical care. The organization was founded in New York City in 1990 to create awareness, raise funds, advocate with the United States government and the United Nations on humanitarian concerns, as well as raise funds. It is an internationally acclaimed medical humanitarian organization that provides medical aid in more than sixty countries to person’s whose survival is threatened by neglect, violence, and malnutrition, among others. In terms of funding, the organization receives funds from members of the public and corporate organizations. The American Red Cross is t he other charity organization. This charity organization helps people prepare for, prevent and respond to emergencies. Clara Barton, a visionary leader, founded the organization in the year 1881. Since then, it has been the country’s premier emergency response organization. In addition, the organization is part of a worldwide movement that provides neutral humanitarian care to war victims. Furthermore, the organization provides assistance to natural disaster victims. Moreover, in addition to domestic disaster relief management, the organization provides compassionate service in the following areas. These are comfort and support for military members and their families, community services targeting the needy, distribution and processing of life saving blood, as well as blood products, and educational programs that promote safety and health. In terms of funding, the American Red Cross gets funds from members of the public. These are people who are happy with the organizationâ₠¬â„¢s work and decide to contribute money to ensure its success. However, sometimes the organization incurs fundraising expenses when if it organizes charity events. The third charity organization is The Nature Conservancy. The aim of the charity organization is life preservation and nature protection. In addition, the organization works around the world to protect ecologically essential waters and land for people and nature. The organization was formed in 1951, and has succeeded in protecting more than five thousand miles of rivers, and more than one hundred and nineteen million acres of land across the world. Furthermore, the organization has more than one hundred marine related conservation programs across the world. In terms of membership, the organization has more than one million members from more than thirty countries and all the fifty states in the United States. In terms of funding, the organization receives funds from its more than one million members. Its large membershi p has ensured its continued success. The fourth charity organization is Save the Children. The organization aims at creating a long lasting change for children across the world, as well as the United States. In addition, it is an independent organization that leads in the creation of a lasting change in the lives of needy children. Furthermore, many people have recognized the organization for its commitment to innovation, accountability, as well as collaboration. This recognition takes the organization to the heart of different communities, where it provides help to needy children. In disaster situations, the organization saves lives with medical care, food, and education. Moreover, the organization remains to assist communities rebuild through recovery programs of a long- term nature. In terms of funding, Save the Children receives funds from members of the community, as well as charity events such as walks. In addition, ...

Essay about Wild Geese by Oliver - 1304 Words

â€Å"Wild Geese† is very different from many poems written. Oliver’s personal life, the free form of the poem along with the first line, â€Å"You do not have to be good,† and the imagery of nature contributes to Oliver’s intent to convince the audience that to be part of the world, a person does not need to aspire to civilization’s standards. Oliver would write this poem because she did not conform to societies wishes. According to the Poetry Foundation, Oliver has never actually received a degree despite attending The Ohio State University and Vassar College. By not completing college, she had stepped out of the normal procedure of American life of growing up, going to college, then working. She also â€Å"met her long-time partner, Molly Malone†¦show more content†¦Immediately following the first statement, Oliver prompts that â€Å"You do not have to walk on your knees for a hundred miles through the desert, repenting.† The sen seless wandering in a desert in harsh conditions is similar to the biblical story of Moses leading the Isrealites through the desert before reaching the Promised Land. By writing that the reader does not have to wander as a punishment leads into line four and five, where the speaker asserts that instead of being good, â€Å"You only have to let the soft animal of your body love what it loves.† Instead of following what other’s want, the speaker proclaims that the only real necessity is to follow what your natural instincts, you animal, want. The speaker also declares inn lines six and seven that while you are talking about your despair, â€Å"the world goes on,† which proves that human traits of complaining and listening to others do not bring you closer to nature. In fact, the world continues as if you had not done anything at all. The poem then contrasts inert objects such as â€Å"the sun,† â€Å"the prairies,† and â€Å"the mountains† wi th objects that appear to be alive and move such as â€Å"the clear pebbles of the rain,† â€Å"the deep trees,† and â€Å"the rivers.† This compares the unmoving appearance of what society wants in the solid features of nature compared to the living and movement that is only sometimes perceived in the rain, trees, and rivers. The comparison can also beShow MoreRelatedWild Geese By Mary Oliver1581 Words   |  7 PagesWild Geese† by Mary Oliver, is a poem that speaks deeply to many types of people with different personalities. This poem encourages the reader to let go of their shame of guilt and rather they should follow their heart, find the beauty, and become one with nature. Each and every one of us has a place on this earth, and although we all go through times of despair, the sun keeps shining and the earth keeps turning. When reading â€Å"Wild Geese† by Mary Oliver, I imagine the speaker being someone who hasRead MoreWild Geese By Mary Oliver2607 Words   |  11 PagesPortfolio Assignment 1 Wild Geese† by Mary Oliver, is a poem that speaks deeply to many types of people with different personalities. This poem encourages the reader to let go of their shame of guilt and rather they should follow their heart, find the beauty, and become one with nature. Each and every one of us has a place on this earth, and although we all go through times of despair, the sun keeps shining and the earth keeps turning. When reading â€Å"Wild Geese† by Mary Oliver, I imagine the speakerRead MoreAnalyzing Mary Olivers Poem Wild Geese633 Words   |  3 Pagesconnections that are not always apparent, as well as discoveries about ourselves, our emotions, and out connections with the world. Mary Olivers poem, Wild Geese, for instance, speaks directly to the reader with encouragement, wonder, and hope. It does not rhyme in the conventional sense, and is more prose oriented. But, using the allusion of wild geese, soaring high above the basic cares of the world, we can completely understand Olivers view that all things are possible. Too, the poem is quite musicalRead MoreMary Olive Spring Analysis Essay751 Words   |  4 Pagesreflects a deep communion with the natural world, offering a fresh viewpoint of the commonplace or ordinary things in our world by subverting our expected and accepted views of that object which in turn presents a view that operates from new assumptions. Oliver depicts the n atural world as a celebration of wonder and awe, the almost insignificant wonders capturing the true beauty nature beholds. Spring is a poem that visibly illustrates this, representing the natural world to be full of wonder throughRead MoreMary Oliver As My Poet771 Words   |  4 Pagesusing Mary Oliver as my poet. Mary Oliver was born in 1935. I chose this poet, because her poems are primarily based on nature. I read a bibliography about Oliver, and found that the main themes in her poems are between humans and the natural world. I particularly like the way she conveys her poems. Before this assignment, I have not heard of Mary Oliver, but when I came across her poems they just stuck with me. The poems I chose are â€Å"The Journey,† â€Å"Song of the Builders,† and â€Å"Wild Geese.† I choseRead MoreFreedom, A Birth-Given Entitlement Or A Manmade Privilege?1717 Words   |  7 Pagestime that Charlotte Perkins Gilman fabricated, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper†, any thought of Women s Rights was unorthodox; whereas when Mary Oliver indited, â€Å"Wild Geese,† wome n’s rights were legalized, but the past planted a notion that females should not have equal rights and these thoughts lingered in the mental and physical actions towards women. Although Mary Oliver s poem released almost a century after Charlotte Perkins Gilman s short story became publicized, the symbolism of the conventional genderRead MoreHuman Dominion and Separation from Nature1049 Words   |  4 Pageschapters of the Bible because the common theme and justification of â€Å"human dominion over nature† stems from the primary story of the Bible in Genesis. This theme is often a subject of great sadness or annoyance for nature writers like Wordsworth and Mary Oliver; while authors like John Muir and Bill McKibben, whom do profess to the Christian faith, still see nature as something spiritual because â€Å"dominion† means not just given authority, but also given the responsibility for its protection. The first chapterRead MoreSummary Of Wild Geese By Wendy Perkins916 Words   |  4 Pages Imagination is a person’s escape from the reality around them. Life is hard, there is no way to dispute that, people struggle every day. In Mary Oliver’s poem, â€Å"Wild Geese,† Mary writes about the torture of everyday life that people have to go through, but that those people also get an escape through their imagination. Mary explains that with imagination a person feels free on a whole different level, a more spiritual level. Life is full of letdowns and disappointments, but people have to pushRead MoreProcess of Discovering the Beauty of Individuality Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pages Being part of the â€Å"cool crowd† is every girl and boy’s secret desire. As we grow we come to realize that doing what everyone else does, does not make you more liked, but rather simply followers of the imaginary term â€Å"cool.† In â€Å"Corsage† and â€Å"Wild Geese† the main characters, like myself, began to understand the value of individuality and how being yourself is a person’s prize possession. The first day of high school was one of the most terrifying experiences I have ever had. The large buildingsRead More Ecopsychology Essay3891 Words   |  16 Pageslandscapes, over the prairies and the deep trees, the mountains and the rivers. Meanwhile the wild geese, high in the clean blue air, are heading home again. Whoever you are, no matter how lonely, the world offers itself to your imagination, calls to you like the wild geese, harsh and exciting- over and over announcing your place in the family of things. Wild Geese by Mary Oliver Mary Olivers (Clinebell, 1996, p.188) poem has a lot to say about the relatively new approach to

John F. Kennedy Reasons For The Civil Rights Movement

Minh Pham Mr. Robins Pre- AP U.S. History 20 October 2015 Kennedy: Reasons to Remember the Name John Fitzgerald Kennedy, born in 1917, was the youngest ever to be elected president in the United States history, also the youngest to leave office when he was assassinated 3 years after his election. Regardless of his short time in office, he left an astonishing impact on every single individual and on the country as a whole. As a president, John F. Kennedy was successful in managing the economy as well as political issues in both domestic and foreign affairs with wise decisions, showing true optimism and genuine love for America. During his presidency, the civil rights movement was rising and became a problem in domestic policy. Even†¦show more content†¦However, it was declined. After his assassination, the bill was left with his vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson. Later in 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed, perhaps, as a way to honor their belated president. When it comes to the economy, President Kennedy raised the minimum wage, improved Social Security benefits and healthcare and, most importantly, cut taxes. In his well known Inaugural Address of 1961, Kennedy said â€Å"[and] so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.† (â€Å"John F. Kennedy: Inaugural†). And he did, he did more than enough for his country while his country did nothing for him. Lacking congressional support, many of his campaigns and programs were turned down. However, he did manage to increase the minimum wage to $1.25 and to lower poverty and the unemployment rate. In 1962, the Trade Expansion Act was passed authorizing tariffs reduction up to 50% pursuing Kennedy’s goals of international partnership and secured negotiating powers. As for cutting taxes, Kennedy faced even more trouble as many people did not agree that cutting taxes would lead to higher revenues. â€Å"Kennedy †¦ [believed]... that ‘a rising tide lifts all boats’ and that strong economic growth would not continue without lower taxes† (â€Å"JFK†). He was right. These tax cuts boosted the economy and benefited many presidents afterward,

Certificado naturalización todas las dudas resueltas

El Certificado de naturalizacià ³n –conocido en inglà ©s como Certificate of Naturalization o por el nà ºmero N-550– es el documento que reciben los migrantes despuà ©s de jurar lealtad a los Estados Unidos al finalizar el proceso de adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense mediante el trà ¡mite de la naturalizacià ³n. El certificado, tambià ©n conocido como Carta de naturalizacià ³n, debe revisarse con atencià ³n en ese momento. Si hubiera algà ºn error debe comunicarse a un oficial del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En ese momento podrà ¡ corregirse gratuitamente. Usos del Certificado de Naturalizacià ³n:  ¿se puede viajar con este documento? El papel fundamental del Certificado de Naturalizacià ³n es que sirve para acreditar que su titular ha dejado de ser un extranjero por las autoridades de los Estados Unidos y se ha convertido en ciudadano estadounidense de pleno derecho, con todos los derechos, libertades y obligaciones.   Precisamente, porque este Certificado acreditar la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense sirve, entre otros, para los siguientes trà ¡mites: Sacar el pasaporte estadounidense por primera vezCompletar el formulario   I-9 sobre derecho a trabajar Solicitar un Real I.D.Pedir la tarjeta de residencia a un familiar Respecto a este à ºltimo punto, cabe destacar que el formulario I-130, por el que se inicia el proceso de pedir los papeles a un familiar pide seà ±alar expresamente si se tiene un Certificado de naturalizacià ³n. En el caso de contestar afirmativamente, se debe consignar su nà ºmero y la fecha de emisià ³n, datos que se pueden encontrar en el propio documento.  ¿Viajar presentando el Certificado de Naturalizacià ³n como I.D.? La Administracià ³n de Seguridad en el Transporte (TSA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) no lista al Certificado de Naturalizacià ³n entre los documentos que permiten embarcar un avià ³n para viajar domà ©sticamente dentro de EE.UU. Sin embargo, puede admitir excepciones y permitir volar cuando se puede establecer de algà ºn modo, a satisfaccià ³n de la TSA, la identidad del viajero. Por otro lado, los ciudadanos estadounidenses que viajan internacionalmente por avià ³n deben utilizar el pasaporte como à ºnico documento que les permite regresar a EE.UU. Por otro lado, en los viajes internacionales de regreso a EE.UU. por tierra o por mar con origen en Mà ©xico o Canadà ¡ los menores de 15 aà ±os pueden utilizar el Certificado de Naturalizacià ³n para ingresar al paà ­s. Lo mismo aplica a los muchachos entre 16 y 18 aà ±os de edad que han viajado en grupo escolar, religioso o cultural a Mà ©xico o Canadà ¡ bajo la supervisià ³n de un adulto y regresan por tierra o mar a EE.UU. Reemplazo del Certificado de naturalizacià ³n y cuà ¡nto cuesta Puede ser necesario solicitar el reemplazo del Certificado de naturalizacià ³n por diversas causas. Por ejemplo, el certificado ha sufrido daà ±os, se ha extraviado o, incluso, porque el titular cambia su nombre por matrimonio, divorcio o cambia de gà ©nero. En estos casos, se puede solicitar que el USCIS emita un nuevo certificado rellenando el formulario N-565, lo cual puede hacer online o en papel. Junto con el formulario deben adjuntarse dos fotografà ­as idà ©nticas tipo pasaporte, una copia del documento original, si està ¡ daà ±ado o cuando se solicita un cambio en el mismo y documentacià ³n que pruebe la razà ³n por la que se pide la nueva copia. Por ejemplo, si el Certificado de naturalizacià ³n fue robado, extraviado o deteriorado, una denuncia en la Policà ­a o una declaracià ³n jurada que asà ­ lo afirme. Si se solicita un cambio de nombre, gà ©nero o correccià ³n de un error tipogrà ¡fico, debe enviarse el documento que lo prueba. Debe traducirse al inglà ©s cualquier documento en otro idioma y certificar dicha traduccià ³n mediante una carta. La tarifa actual de costo de reemplazo del Certificado de Naturalizacià ³n es de $555 por la gestià ³n. Si se està ¡ pasando por una à ©poca de dificultades econà ³micas, podrà ­a ser posible, si se cumplen los requisitos, aplicar para no tener que pagar estar tarifa a USCIS. El USCIS entregarà ¡ el nuevo certificado al titular del mismo en persona, a su representante legal o utilizarà ¡ correo certificado o registrado para la entrega. A diferencia del Certificado de Naturalizacià ³n original que tà ©cnicamente recibe el nombre de N-550, el certificado reemplazado recibe el de N-570. Copia certificada o autenticada del Certificado de naturalizacià ³n La embajada o consulados del paà ­s original del migrante que se convierte en ciudadano estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n puede requerir una copia certificada del Certificado de naturalizacià ³n para hacer constar la doble nacionalidad. En estos casos, la copia, que se conoce en inglà ©s como Certified True Copy, puede obtenerse de dos maneras. Solicitar a USCIS una copia certificada El primer paso es cerrar una cita con la oficina local de USCIS. Para ello, se debe utilizar el servicio online de InfoPass. El dà ­a de la cita, presentarse con el Certificado de naturalizacià ³n original, una fotocopia del mismo y un documento de identificacià ³n como, por ejemplo, el pasaporte americano o la licencia de manejar del estado en el que se reside. El oficial de USCIS verificarà ¡ la documentacià ³n y entregarà ¡ el original y la Certified True Copy del mismo. Solicitar una copia autenticada o apostillada al Departamento de Estado El Departamento de Estado puede emitir una copia con la Apostilla de la Haya del Certificado de Naturalizacià ³n o una copia autenticada, en este à ºltimo caso para utilizar en los paà ­ses que no son miembros de la Convencià ³n de la Hay de 1961. Para ello dirigirse a la oficina de Autenticacià ³n del Departamento de Estado. La direccià ³n es: United States Department of State, Office of Authentications1150 Passport Services Place, 1st FloorDulles, VA 20189-1150 O marcar al telà ©fono 202-647-4000, Opcià ³n 3 o 202-485-8000 El formulario para solicitar la certificacià ³n o apostilla es el DS-4194. El costo es de $8 por documento. Diferencia entre Certificado de naturalizacià ³n y Certificado de ciudadanà ­a El Certificado o carta de naturalizacià ³n es el documento que se entrega a los migrantes que completan el proceso de naturalizacià ³n y adquieren asà ­ la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense. El certificado de ciudadanà ­a, por otra parte, es el documento que prueba la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense de aquellas personas que adquirieron la nacionalidad de EE.UU. a travà ©s de su padre o de su madre. Ambos documentos sirven para acreditar la ciudadanà ­a, pero demuestran distintas formas de adquisicià ³n de la misma. Tips sobre el Certificado de naturalizacià ³n En la actualidad, este documento cuenta con importantes medidas de seguridad que dificultan su falsificacià ³n. Por ejemplo, la foto del nuevo ciudadano aparece digitalizada, la firma forma parte intrà ­nseca del certificado y la tinta con la que se imprime cambia de color. Siguen siendo và ¡lidos los Certificados de naturalizacià ³n que carecen de esas caracterà ­sticas, por haberse emitido con anterioridad a 2010. Con carà ¡cter general es ilegal fotocopiar el Certificado de naturalizacià ³n. Sin embargo, puede y debe hacerse cuando USCIS u otra oficina del gobierno es quien solicita una copia. Por ejemplo, cuando el nuevo ciudadano solicita una visa para su prometido o novia, o cuando pide una green card para un familiar. Aà ºn en estos casos, algunos abogados recomiendan que la fotocopia se realice en blanco y negro y que en la parte blanca del margen se anote This is a copy for USCIS purposes. Ademà ¡s, en algunas ceremonias de naturalizacià ³n, los agentes del USCIS seà ±alan que el certificado sà ­ se puede fotocopiar pero sà ³lo en blanco y negro y sà ³lo para que su titular lo guarde y tener una copia si el original se pierde. Ademà ¡s, procurar  no doblar el certificado. Con el paso del tiempo podrà ­a hacer que partes del documento se hagan difà ­ciles de leer. Tampoco se debe enmarcar. Las oficinas del gobierno sà ³lo lo pueden aceptar como documento si no està ¡ enmarcado. Es necesario poder tocar el certificado. Si tiene que ir a la Embajada o al consulado de su paà ­s de nacimiento para registrar la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense, no permitir  que marquen, grapen o escriban en el certificado. Si lo hacen, el certificado se considera daà ±ado y hay que pedir su reemplazo. Puntos clave: Certificado de naturalizacià ³n El Certificado de Naturalizacià ³n se entrega a los migrantes que completan el proceso de adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n.Acredita la ciudadanà ­a estadounidenseNo debe confundirse con el Certificado de ciudadanà ­aPuede solicitarse su reemplazo por extravà ­o, deterioro, error o cambio de nombre o gà ©nero.Copia certificada (Certified True Copy): puede solicitarse a USCIS Copia autenticada o la Apostilla de la Haya: solicitarla al Departamento de Estado. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Crucible Character Analysis - 2140 Words

Essay #5 In The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller involves a character named John Proctor, an even-tempered farmer, who cared about how others saw him as. Procter was a married man to Elizabeth Proctor and a father of three as well. Throughout the book, Procter is shown as a man obsessed with his status to protect his name. The following quote says â€Å"... there is evidence to suggest that he had a sharp and biting way with hypocrites. He was the kind of man--powerful of body, even-tempered, and not easily led†¦.†, this shows he was the type of a person to unleash his temper with people often, although it was good because he was well known for revealing hypocrisy. This gave him honor in his town and respect by his†¦show more content†¦His wife was committed with witchcraft and the person responsible for that was Abigail, for her fault she outed her. Procter didn’t want to lose his wife so he did anything possible to save her from getting hanged, knowing his wif e is a kind and beloved human being. In court it turned out to be that the accusations of his wife were wrong, proven innocent, she was released. During the court, Procter even reveals his cheating but the court disagrees to see the truth and he’s taken to a cell. He is asked to sign a paper but replies with this saying â€Å" Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul, leave me my name!†, this expresses upon how he feels about signing a paper that will be pinned in front of the church destroying his image of his name. He doesn’t accept the offer, in other words, he did sign it but ended up ripping the paper and leading to his death. It shows he was a high-minding man because he was inclined to drop his dignity to save his wife Elizabeth. Although Procter dies he was an upstanding man for what he did and knew his mistakes. One of his biggest motivations was his wife, he must have cheated on her but deep inside of him he knew he’ll always have to protect her, he owed her at least that even though it was already too late. Procter was a conflict to himself, wanting to believe he was good andShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible Character Analysis1126 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Crucibles, written by Arthur Miller, there were many themes present throughout the storyline. One theme existing throughout the play pertains to many characters preserving their reputation rather than conforming to society. In the play, many characters were prosecuted for witchery because of girls such as Abigail Williams accused them of doing so. During this crisis in Salem, three characters in particular remained rightful and truthful in order to preserve their established reputation inRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis773 Words   |  4 Pagessomething that will lead a man to shame and destruction. In The Crucible this h appened to one of the main characters, John Proctor, which also is the one of the Tragic Hero in the book. The Crucible is about when some town people in Salem was accused of being witches after four girls were found dancing in the woods. After 200 people were accused of being witches in 1963, 20 people were either hung or crushed by many stones. In the Crucible John Proctor, the tragic hero had a weakness as pride eventuallyRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis1075 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide a source of conflict for a story. Author, Arthur Miller instills villain qualities in one of his main characters, Abigail. The Crucible is a story written about the Salem Witch Trials. Abigail is the main character in charge of accusing men and woman of being with the devil. Abigail’s traits mirror those of various Disney villains. Abigail’s omnipotent power throughout The Crucible reflects Maleficents talent. Maleficent is the most powerful fairy that uses magic to harm others due toRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis736 Words   |  3 PagesIn Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, the people of Salem, Massachusetts experience several â€Å"bizarre supernatural events† that really highlight these characters’ morality. A morality play is a kind of drama with personified abstract qualities as the main characters and presenting a lesson about good conduct and character. The Crucible dramatizes good and evil to give rationale of these characters’ true intentions. The â€Å"good† characters in the play are portrayed as Reverend Hale, Elizabeth, Mr. ParrisRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible Character Analysis In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, John Proctor, the protagonist, is a farmer in his middle thirties. The author gives little to no detailed physical description of him, but from Proctor’s speech, we can still picture him as a strong and powerful man who is able to keep every situation under the control, the kind of personality which earns him deep respect and even fear from the people in town. On the other hand, Abigail Williams, the antagonist, plays an inferiorRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis1613 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican playwright and theatrical figure in the twentieth-century, Arthur Miller, once said, â€Å"Betrayal is the only truth that sticks.† Though he did not include this quote in the context of his famous work, The Crucible, his wise words can also be relevant in this play. The play takes place during the era of the Salem Witch Trials in 1692. In his composition, he includes the story of Mr. and Mrs. Proctor, a married couple living outside of Salem in the time period of the trials. Abigail WilliamsRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis771 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible In Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible, Abigail Williams will do whatever it takes to win John Proctor over Elizabeth. Abigail is known for stirring up trouble. Will she win? In The Crucible, Abigail Williams is the villain of the play. She is manipulative towards her friends and the townspeople and causes people to die. Abigail is the reason for the start of the Salem witch trials. In Act One of The Crucible, Abigail has an affair with John Proctor. Abigail, her friends, and TitubaRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis1195 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Crucible, a play written by Arthur Miller, the characters have an innumerable amount of concerns for their own reputation. This is an immense theme represented throughout the entire play. The characters are too drawn into the sake of keeping the good of their name. In The Crucible, characters such as Reverend Parris, Abigail Williams, and Mary Warren are highly drawn to their reputations. This affects the way they act because i t brings their actions into play. Their situations are similarRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Hale In The Crucible795 Words   |  4 PagesUndercovering Reverend Hale The truth is a puzzle, never knowing where the pieces go and honestly, hard to put together. In Arthur Miller’s play â€Å"The Crucible,† Reverend Hale is placed in Salem to investigate the witch trial accusations; but fails in his attempts and ends up with more blood on his hands then intended. Since his arrival, Hale has devoted everything to helping the people of Salem. However, when a plethora of false accusations start to unravel the village he is left with the realizationRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe witch trials in this play were based on actual events that happened in Salem in 1692. Arthur Miller’s 1953 The Crucible is a dramatization of the Salem Witch Trials. His reasoning for writing it was because everyone was hysteric about the Soviet Union and communism trying to make its way over to the United States. It was like a modern day witch hunt. In the play, Abigail Williams and a group of girls get caught in the w oods. They were dancing and doing other things that puritan’s looked down

Importance of Leadership Free Essays

string(143) " the Leader Taking a leadership position means several things: A leader must have a vision of the future for the organization and its members\." Chapter 1 The Importance of Leadership D. Quinn Mills Leadership How to Lead, How to Live  © 2005 D. Quinn Mills. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now All Rights Reserved. Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live Few things are more important to human activity than leadership. Effective leadership helps our nation through times of peril. It makes a business organization successful. It enables a not-for-profit organization to fulfill its mission. The effective leadership of parents enables children to grow strong and healthy and become productive adults. The absence of leadership is equally dramatic in its effects. Without leadership, organizations move too slowly, stagnate, and lose their way. Much of the literature about organizations stresses decision-making and implies that if decision-making is timely, complete, and correct, then things will go well. Yet a decision by itself changes nothing. After a decision is made, an organization faces the problem of implementation—how to get things done in a timely and effective way. Problems of implementation are really issues about how leaders influence behavior, change the course of events, and overcome resistance. Leadership is crucial in implementing decisions successfully. Each of us recognizes the importance of leadership when we vote for our political leaders. We realize that it matters who is in office, so we participate in a contest, an election, to choose the best candidate. Investors recognize the importance of business leadership when they say that a good leader can make a success of a weak business plan, but that a poor leader can ruin even the best plan. 10 The Importance of Leadership Who Will Gain from Leadership? Do you want to be a leader? Or, if you’re already a leader, do you want to improve your leadership? Do you want to affect what other people do—to help them accomplish important goals? Do you want to point the way in your organization? Do you want to climb the promotion ladder to positions of higher authority and greater pay? Leadership will make these things possible. You should read this book if: †¢ †¢ You are interested in leadership and how it affects you. You plan to lead an organization or are already in a leadership position. You are interested in developing yourself to meet the challenges you will confront in a leadership role. You wish to make a difference in the world through leadership. †¢ †¢ The Meaning of Leadership What is leadership? It is a process by which one person influences the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of others. Leaders set a direction for the rest of us; they help us see what lies ahead; they help us visualize what we might achieve; they encourage us and inspire us. Without leadership a group of human beings quickly degenerates into argument and conflict, because we see things in different ways and lean toward different solutions. Leadership helps to point us in the same direction and harness our efforts jointly. Leadership is the 11 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live bility to get other people to do something significant that they might not otherwise do. It’s energizing people toward a goal. Without followers, however, a leader isn’t a leader, although followers may only come after a long wait. For example, during the 1930s Winston Churchill urged his fellow Englishmen to face the coming threat from Hitler’s Germany. But most Englishmen preferred to believe that Hitler could be appeased—so that a war could be avoided. They were engaged in wishful thinking about the future and denial that the future would be dangerous. They resented Churchill for nsisting that they must face the danger. They rejected his leadership. He had very few followers. But finally reality intruded—Germany went too far and war began. At this point Churchill was acclaimed for his foresight, and became prime minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. During this period almost all Englishmen accepted his leadership willingly. True leadership is sometimes hard to distinguish from false leadership, which is merely a form of pretending. Winston Churchill was a real and great leader. But there are also people who wish to appear to be leaders, but aren’t actually. They say that they are leading others; they posture as if they are setting direction and inspiring others. Yet often they are merely pretending. There’s an old saying that the way to become a leader is to find a parade and run to the front of it. We refer to a person â€Å"leading† a parade, but walking at the front isn’t really leadership unless the person in front is actually choosing the direction! If the person isn’t choosing the direction, then being at the front of the line is merely a way to pretend to be a leader. 12 The Importance of Leadership Leadership can be used for good or ill. Hitler seemed to be a leader of the German people, but he set an evil direction. He had great leadership skills, but put them to terrible uses. Sometimes people in business use leadership skills to exploit others. Sometimes people in charitable organizations use leadership skills to benefit themselves rather than the people they are supposed to help. Leadership skills can be perverted to pursue bad ends. The Importance of Ethics The danger that leadership will be perverted is why ethics are so important to good leadership. Ethics are the inner compass that directs a person toward what is right and fair. Only if a person has an inner ethical compass can he or she be sure that leadership qualities will not turn to evil ends. Learning to lead with good objectives is the only purpose of this book. So let us say that those who do harm are not leaders at all; we recognize that they may be influential and persuasive, but we will not think of them as leaders. With confidence that you, good readers of this book, will put leadership to noble ends, we go forward. The Work of the Leader Taking a leadership position means several things: A leader must have a vision of the future for the organization and its members. You read "Importance of Leadership" in category "Papers" 3 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-1 TAKING A LEADERSHIP POSITION Taking a leadership position means: †¢ †¢ Having a vision about what can be accomplished. Making a commitment to the mission and to the people you lead. Taking responsibility for the accomplishment of the mission and the welfare of those you lead. Assuming risk of loss and failure. Accepting recognition for success. †¢ †¢ †¢ A leader must be able to express his or her vision clearly and in a compelling manner so that others are engaged by it. (See Executive Summary 1-1. A leader has to make a commitment to his or her vision, to the organization, and to the members of the organization. A leader can’t be committed one day and uninterested the next. People will judge a leader by his or her commitment, and will commit themselves no more than the leader does. A leader assumes a considerable amount of responsibility— not just for the mission that he or she urges others to accept, nor just for the organization he or she heads, but for his or her followers, their lives and efforts, as well. 14 The Importance of Leadership A leader assumes risk. If there is no risk, little leadership is required. If the effort is easy and certain to succeed, anyone can, and probably will, â€Å"lead† it. But where the effort entails a risk of failure, then many people will quail before the challenge and leadership is necessary to get people to make the commitment and the effort to succeed. In most organizations, one associates high levels of leadership with high levels of authority. The chief executive of a company usually plays more of a leadership role than people at lower levels of the hierarchy in the firm. It is the same in notfor-profits and government agencies. The higher on the job ladder a person is, the more she is expected to exhibit leadership. In the military, however, the opposite holds true, and for a very good reason. In the military the greatest leadership challenge is to get other people to risk their lives in combat. Generally, the higher one goes in the chain of command, the less exposure he has to the battlefield, and the less exposure to men and women who are in combat. The officers who have responsibility for commanding soldiers in combat have the greatest leadership challenge, for they must get others to risk their lives. Michael Jordan’s brother is an army sergeant major leading a deployment in Iraq in which he is responsible for more than 2,000 soldiers. Offered an opportunity to leave his assignment in combat, he chose to stay with his unit in harm’s way. In so doing, he accepted one of the military’s most significant leadership challenges. 15 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live The first responsibility in a position of leadership is to have a vision. (See Executive Summary 1-2. ) The visionary leader must create his or her concept of what the organization can accomplish. A business leader may be leading a few people in a department or an entire company; a military leader a small squad or an entire army. The vision may be smaller when the group of people is small; and much broader when the group of people is large, but it must be forward-looking and exciting in either case. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-2 VISIONARY LEADERSHIP Visionary leadership requires: †¢ †¢ Creating a vision, a mission, and a strategy. Communicating the vision/mission/strategy and getting buy-in. Motivating action. Helping an organization grow, evolve, and adapt to changing circumstances. †¢ †¢ The leader must also provide a mission—what needs to be done—and a strategy, a path, for how to accomplish the mission and achieve the vision, a way for the group to get there. But having an exciting vision, an exciting mission, and a careful strategy is not sufficient. A leader must clearly communicate them. Only if people grasp the vision can they commit to it, and buy-in is crucial to motivating action. Finally, a vision cannot be rigid and unchanging; it must adapt 16 The Importance of Leadership to changing circumstances, growing and evolving. Otherwise it becomes outdated and obsolete, and loses its power to excite and motivate people. Leaders versus Administrators and Managers Leadership is not the same thing as being in a position of authority. It is possible to be a boss in a company without being a leader. A boss can be more of an administrator than a leader. Conversely, an administrator can be effective in his job without being a leader. The administrator is a bureaucrat— whether in government or in business—a person who keeps careful records and sees that things are done according to the rules. On the other hand, a leader can be effective without being an administrator—leaving rules, regulations, and their enforcement to others. Administration is not as exciting a topic as leadership, but it is almost as important. The success of organizations depends to a great degree on how well they are administered. A manager is often thought to be primarily an administrator. But a manager is not an administrator; management requires a special set of skills of its own. And being a manager is different from being a leader, as we shall see below. So there are three roles: administrator, manager, and leader. A manager has the broadest role, and a good manager has much of an administrator and a leader in him or her. A manager needs to set direction and inspire others to get work done (leadership functions) and he or she needs to keep records and see that rules are followed (administrative functions). 17 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live The manager is a necessary combination of leader and administrator. (See D. Quinn Mills, Principles of Management, Waltham, MA: MindEdge Press, 2005. ) But leadership is the most important of the three roles. Administrators What does an administrator do? (See Executive Summary 13. ) An administrator applies rules and regulations generally developed by top executives of an organization. In the government, the key rules and regulations are often issued by legislative authorities like the U. S. Congress). He or she keeps records and fills out forms necessary to take administrative steps (like getting employees paid or reimbursing an employee for travel expenses). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-3 ELEMENTS OF ADMINISTRATION The elements of administration are: †¢ †¢ Making rules and regulations Making decisions that apply and interpret rules and regulations Keeping records Filling out forms †¢ †¢ 18 The Importance of Leadership Managers What does a manager do? See Executive Summary 1-4. ) He or she makes plans and creates budgets that set forth in great detail how something will be accomplished and how much money and other resources (e. g. , people, office space) are necessary to accomplish those plans and budgets. He decides who is going to be assigned to the necessary tasks and how they will fit into the organization. She supervises the actions people take, ensuring that they are doing the right things, that no money is being misappropriated or wasted (we call this â€Å"controlling†), and when problems arise she helps to resolve them. Finally, by combining these tasks into a coherent whole, the manager makes the organization operate efficiently. Running an organization effectively requires administration, management, and leadership. Leadership is ordinarily in shorter supply than administrative or managerial competence. Leadership is more important and more demanding for most people. Fewer people are able or willing to be leaders, so it tends to be a higher calling than administration or management. There is a large literature discussing the differences between leaders and managers. There is also an important distinction to make between leaders and administrators. In general, a leader takes a broader view and points an organization toward necessary, even critical, change. The core of the criticism in the literature is that organizations of all sorts (corporations, government agencies, and not-for-profit organizations) tend to be over-managed (and/or over-administrated) and under-led. Because of over-management and overadministration, organizations are slow to make necessary changes and achieve less than what they could. This is a substantial criticism that points to the importance of leadership. 19 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-4 ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT The elements of management are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Planning and budgeting Setting direction Organizing and staffing Aligning the efforts of many people Controlling Decision-making and problem solving Motivating and inspiring people The Nature of Leadership True leadership is special, subtle, and complex. Too often we confuse things like personal style and a position of authority with leadership. †¢ Leadership is not primarily a particular personality trait. A trait closely linked to leadership is charisma, but many people who have charisma (for example, movie actors and sports figures) are not leaders. Leadership is not primarily a set of important objectives. It involves getting things done. †¢ 20 The Importance of Leadership †¢ Leadership is not primarily a formal position. There have been great leaders who did not hold high positions—for example, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Jeanne d’Arc—and there are people who hold high positions who are not leaders at all, but administrators who don’t want to rock the boat. Leadership is not primarily a set of behaviors. Many leadership manuals suggest that what defines leadership is things such as delegating and providing inspiration and vision; but people who are not leaders can do these things, and some effective leaders don’t do them all. †¢ Many discussions of leadership confuse any and all of the above— personality, important objectives, formal position, specific behaviors—with leadership. (See John P. Kotter, What Leaders Really Do, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999. ) But leadership is more than any of the above characteristics. It’s a process by which one influences the thoughts and behaviors of others in a substantial way. It may involve charisma, important objectives, a formal position, and a particular set of behaviors, but it is not limited to any of them. Effective leaders are often very complex people. Writing about Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector of England during the English civil wars of the seventeenth century, a foremost historian marveled at the complexity of his personality. â€Å"There was no single Cromwell, â€Å" he wrote, â€Å"—that is, a clear-cut individual†¦Instead, there was a multiplicity of Cromwells, each linked to the other by his enormous vitality†¦Firstly, there was the very human, simple and compassionate man, a visionary and a romantic. Secondly, there was a violent, boisterous and irascible bully. Thirdly, there was the resolute and iron-willed general†¦Fourthly, the calculating politician, the man of expedients who had no guiding principles. 21 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live And lastly, there was†¦the Cromwell†¦who, as the interpreter of God’s will, was capable of committing any atrocity. † (J. F. C. Fuller, A Military History of the Western World, Volume 2, New York: Funk Wagnalls, 1955, p. 110. Because leaders can be so complex, we must be careful in our generalizations about leaders and their personalities. But not all leaders are such complex personalities, which is good for most of us who aspire to leadership. Examples of Leadership Leadership in Business In the 1980s Harley-Davidson was almost knocked out of business by competition from other firms. To survive, it needed to change dramatically. Rich Teerlink, the company’s leader, was able to save the firm financiall y, but with the pressure off, the challenge of continuing to improve seemed even more daunting. Could Teerlink get his managers and employees to make the significant, and to many of them inconvenient, changes necessary? He did it by building a different company, one driven from the bottom up by employees rather than from the top down by managers. It’s a story of successes and failures, advances and setbacks, dead ends and breakthroughs, ending in a much stronger company than before. (Read the inspiring story in Rich Teerlink and Lee Ozley, More Than a Motorcycle: The Leadership Journey at Harley-Davidson, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000. 22 The Importance of Leadership Leadership in Government When Charles O. Rossotti became commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in 1997, the agency had the largest customer base—and the lowest approval rating—of any institution in America. Mired in scandal, caught in a political maelstrom, and beset by profound management and technology problems, the IRS was widely dismissed as a hopelessly flawed an d dysfunctional organization. Rossotti— the first businessperson to head the IRS—transformed the much-maligned agency. In the glare of intense public scrutiny, he effected dramatic changes in the way the IRS did business—while the agency continued to collect $2 trillion in revenue. Through heated congressional hearings, encounters with Washington bigwigs, frank exchanges with taxpayers and employees, and risky turnaround strategies, Rossotti demonstrated leadership against daunting odds. (Read this enlightening story in Charles O. Rossotti, Many Unhappy Returns: One Man’s Quest to Turn Around the Most Unpopular Organization in America, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2005. ) 23 How to cite Importance of Leadership, Papers

Harassment Victimization and Depressive Symptoms †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Harassment Victimization and Depressive Symptoms. Answer: Introduction: Considering the case study, it can be stated that Laura has posted one painting in the social media that she has purchased from a local artist. In the uploaded file, it has been mentioned by her that she has bought the painting. The issue that cropped up in this case is whether Laura has breached any provision of Copyright Act or not. There are certain legal provisions that protect the tangible and intangible property of a person. The term intangible denotes the property that could not be seen or touched. Intellectual properties are the instances of intangible property. Various rights are there to secure the creation of the creator. Copyright is one of them. According to Canadian Copyright Act, copyright provides certain exclusive rights to the original creator and penalties will be imposed on any person who uses the creation without the consent of the creator for any illegal gain (Geist 2015). However, according to the Canadian Copyright Act, if the creator sells the creation to anyone, all the rights will automatically transfer to the buyer. In this case, Laura has bought the painting of Marisa and therefore, all the exclusive rights of Marisa had been transferred to Laura. Therefore, she can upload the painting. Further, she has stated that she has bought this. It assists her to enjoy all the possible right belong to the painting. Laura has not made any breach to the provision of copyright. It is a sheer case of copyright infringement. In this case, the original creator of a play has recited the same to his brother and his brother has stolen the concept of the play, given it to a drama company, and earned money from that. Considering the Canadian law of Copyright, it can be stated that if a person steals or copy the art or work of other and earn profit from that intellectual property, he will be held for breaching the provision of exclusive right of the creator and will face penalties for that (Freud 2015). It has been clearly mentioned in this case that the brother of the original creator has not obtained any permission and sell the play to a drama company. It has also been observed that he gains profit from it. All these attract the provision of the Copyright infringement. It is a case of sexual harassment. The term sexual harassment is criminal in nature and it attempts to outrage the modesty of a woman. It is of different types based on the circumstances of a case. In this case, Joey has asked for date to Pacey for many times and was refused each time. However, he did not stop asking for date and this activity comes under the scope of sexual harassment as the proposal is against the will of Pacey. According to the Criminal Code of Canada, sexual harassment is grave in nature and it is done for sexual purpose. One of the essentials of sexual harassment is that it must be taken place against the consent of the other person. Further, there are two kinds of sexual harassment present such as quid pro quo sexual harassment and hostile environment sexual harassment. Quid pro quo is taken place for grabbing a position or post. It is mainly observed in work places. In case of hostile environment sexual harassment, sexual comments and requests are made and the conduct should be unwelcome in nature (Dahlqvist et al. 2016). Therefore, it can be stated that the nature of current harassment is belongs to the second type of sexual harassment. Punishment for sexual harassment has been mentioned under section 271 of the Criminal Code, Canada. It is clear from the case that Joey had asked for date on several occasions, but all the attempts were in vain. He got refused each time. The refusal made by Pacey clarifies the thought that all the proposals are made against her will. Therefore, it can be stated that the activity of Joey comes under the purview of sexual harassment. Further, considering the nature of harassment, it can be stated that it is an example of hostile environment sexual harassment. Reference: Dahlqvist, H.Z., Landstedt, E., Young, R. and Gdin, K.G., 2016. Dimensions of peer sexual harassment victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescence: A longitudinal cross-lagged study in a Swedish sample.Journal of youth and adolescence,45(5), pp.858-873. Freud, S., 2015.Civilization and its discontents. Broadview Press. Geist, M., 2015.The copyright pentalogy: How the Supreme Court of Canada shook the foundations of Canadian copyright law(p. 478). University of Ottawa Press/Les Presses de lUniversit dOttawa. Patterson, E., 2017. The Canadian university copyright specialist: A cross-Canada selfie.Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research,11(2).

Impact of Employee Behavior on Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Explain the impact of employee behavior on company performance and describe the challenges that are likely to face in the process of managing employee behavior? Answer: Organization behavior is a concept and also the application of knowledge about the people and also the groups that perform their task within the organization. The employees are considered as an essential asset of an organization. The success and failure of the organization are dependent on the capability of the people who are conducting their day to day activities. With the positive behavior of the employees, the organization can easily progress and attain the goals and objectives. It is analyzed that the employee's behavior plays a significant role in conducting the operations of the organization in an effective manner. The customer analyzes the behavior of the employees by taking into consideration various problems that are concerned with the products or services. If an employee of the organization focuses and fix the problem of the customers then, it can enhance the goodwill of the company in the minds of the consumers. They create a perception that the company is efficient and he lp the customers to solve the problem. The trust between the consumers enhances and it gives direct impact on the sales and performance of the organization (Moore, Detert, Trevio, Baker and Mayer, 2016). Not only the focus is given on what the employees say, but what the customer remembers is the main point that should be taken into consideration. For customers, the satisfaction is when they have solved their problems by an employee who is capable enough to sort out the problems that are faced by the consumers. The way employee performs and behaves with the consumers can give direct outcome on the performance of the organization. If the customers are satisfied with the services and behavior, then it induces them to avail the services and products again and again. If the customer comes back, then it can be very easy for the organization to attain profitability and also the performance level increases (Mostafa, Gould?Williams and Bottomley, 2015). The behavior of employees gives direct impact on the working operations of the organization. The behavior of the employees is also related with the level of job satisfaction. In the recent scenario, it is evaluated that the organization gives emphasis on ensuring job satisfaction of the employees who are working in the organization (Kim and Kim, 2013).If the employees are satisfied with the job, then it is seen that they are more productive, perform better and also perform the activities that lead to the satisfaction level of the customers. Dissatisfied employees in the organization can create various hurdles for an organization to survive in the competitive environment. Job satisfaction is concerned with the positive feeling that is possessed by the employees of an organization. To survive in the competitive environment it is essential that the organization focuses on enhancing the satisfaction level of the employees. If the employees who are working in the organization are satisfie d, then they will perform their activities with full dedication. If the employees give their best towards the work, then profitability and development can be attained by the organization (Abdallah, 2014). The behavior in the organization also relates to the individuals and groups that are related to each other in the workplace. There are various factors that are faced by the organization to manage the behavior of the employees in the organization. The factors are: Diversity: The workplace consists of various different individuals. The individual belongs from different backgrounds, culture, ages and sexual orientations. The challenges that are faced are related to managing the diversity that will give a positive impact on the performance of the organization. Different individual possess different behavior and attitudes towards the organization. So, it creates a problem for the organization and also for the top management to have a proper control and understanding of the behavior. By having different behavior there are various conflicts that arise (Zeng and Honig, 2017).So the manager of the organization should give a proper decision by considering the problems of both the parties. It is very important that the decision that is given should be accurate and both the parties are satisfied with it. If the employees are satisfied with the decision then the contribution level will be enhanced. If the contribution level is enhanced then the organizati on can easily attain the targets (Wei and Dongri, 2016). Ethics: With the use of media, it is very easy for the scandal to reach a large number of audiences in a short time. The organization always takes into consideration effective policies that are related to the ethical behavior within the workplace. The challenge for the organization is to promote an ethical organizational behavior and also the culture so that the individuals cannot give emphasis on the individual interests. The behavior of the individual is based on the policies of the organization. So the organization should always give focus on enhancing the organizational behavior so that the employees feel satisfied and happy to conduct their activities (Memon, Salleh, Baharom and Harun, 2014). Employee Resistance: By taking into consideration the recent scenario it is analyzed that it is a complex process that is faced by the organization. The employee's resistance has resulted in the failure of many activities that are initiated by the organization. There are various cases in which a lot of resources are given by the organization so that the employees can adjust themselves in an effective manner to attain the desired goals. Employee behavior is also affected by the change in the management. If the organization implements some change in the organization, then it gives direct impact on the behavior of the employees. So it is important that the change that is implemented by the organization should be discussed with the employees of the organization (Ruiz-Palomino and Martnez-Caas, 2014). If they accept the change, then only the company should implement it. If the change that is implemented in the organization is according to the interest of the employees, then the organizati on can easily expand its operations and can also attain the goals in an efficient way. So, the organization should focus on adapting the change that is considered by the employees and also proper training should be given so that they can work with a positive behavior (Argyris, 2017). Technology and innovation: The behavior of the employees is also related to the technology and innovation. In today's environment, the main challenge for an organization is to set the issues that consist of management of technology and innovation. The company can only attain the success when it maintains flexibility and also enhances the quality of the products. The employees play a great role in innovating the products and also in the change that exists in the organization. The challenge that is faced by the company is to stimulate the creativity and innovation of the employees. If the technology that is adopted does not reduce the workload of the employees, then it will give direct negative impact on the behavior. The employees who are dissatisfied can also lead to inefficiency in the working structure. So, it is essential for the organization to adopt the technology that enhances the profitability and also gives a positive impact on the employee behavior. If the employee carries a positive attitude then it can be easy to accomplish the activities in an efficient way (Singh, 2017). Goals and objectives: The Company also faces a challenge that is related with attaining the goals and objectives of the organization. By considering the proper management of the employee behavior sometimes it gives negative impact on the goals and objectives of the organization. If the organization does not able manage the behavior of the employees effectively, then the employee will not be able to work efficiently in the organization. Dissatisfaction level of the employees can give the negative outcome. So, it is very important for an organization to give focus on the behavior of the employees, if the employees carry positive attitude then it can help to attain the profitability and also the enhancement in the productivity level can be evaluated. The behavior of the employee is dependent how the organization offers the activities by considering the interest areas and also by offering various incentives schemes (Bakoti? and Krni?, 2017). Organizational behavior can assist the organization to face and overcome the challenges. It is evaluated that the behavior of the employees gives direct impact on the success and profitability. The challenges can easily be covered into profitable opportunities. Employees should be given the main emphasis by the organization so that the operations can be conducted smoothly. The Behavior gets influenced by the attitude that the employees possess and it is the attitude only that converts into an indicator of the problems that the organization can easily encounter. In order to excel in the market, it is essential to ensure the employee's satisfaction level (Yidong and Xinxin, 2013). References Abdallah, M.A.A.H., 2014.The Impact of Relationship Quality on the Relationship between Internal Marketing and Employees Performance(Doctoral dissertation, Sudan University of Science and Technology). Argyris, C., 2017.Integrating the Individual and the Organization. Routledge. Bakoti?, D. and Krni?, A., 2017. Exploring the relationship between business process improvement and employees behavior.Journal of Organizational Change Management, (just-accepted), pp.00-00. Kim, T.Y. and Kim, M., 2013. Leaders moral competence and employee outcomes: The effects of psychological empowerment and personsupervisor fit.Journal of business ethics,112(1), pp.155-166. Memon, M.A., Salleh, R., Baharom, M.N.R. and Harun, H., 2014. Person-organization fit and turnover intention: The mediating role of employee engagement.Global Business and Management Research,6(3), p.205. Moore, C., Detert, J.R., Trevio, L.K., Baker, V.L. and Mayer, D.M., 2016. " Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior": Corrigendum.Personnel Psychology. Mostafa, A.M.S., Gould?Williams, J.S. and Bottomley, P., 2015. High?performance human resource practices and employee outcomes: the mediating role of public service motivation.Public Administration Review,75(5), pp.747-757. Ruiz-Palomino, P. and Martnez-Caas, R., 2014. Ethical culture, ethical intent, and organizational citizenship behavior: The moderating and mediating role of personorganization fit.Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), pp.95-108. Singh, S., 2017. Organizational Climate as a Predictor to Employees Behavior. InStrategic Human Capital Development and Management in Emerging Economies(pp. 20-40). IGI Global. Wei, J. and Dongri, H., 2016. Encouragement Preference, Organization Identity and Innovation Behavior of Employees.Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science),5, p.018. Yidong, T. and Xinxin, L., 2013. How ethical leadership influence employees innovative work behavior: A perspective of intrinsic motivation.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), pp.441-455. Zeng, Z. and Honig, B., 2017. A study of living wage effects on employees' performance?related attitudes and behaviour.Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration,34(1), pp.19-32.

What makes me tick Essay Example

What makes me tick Paper What makes me tick ? The question What makes me tick? , seemed a simple one at first, as we were just told to write about our hobbies and passions which I found illogical as this was meant to be a creative task. After some deeper thought and deliberation the idea hurtled toward me! It sent me into an uncontrollable spin, head first, down an endless well of alien self reflection. Have never pondered about the question of what makes me tick. I had to contemplate me, down to my core and all its numerous implications. It has certainly been an unorthodox road of adolescent self discovery. Just me in my room, encased in four walls, entombed in my thoughts, with a pencil in my hand and a weight on my head. Before knew it was in deep, deeper than I first thought possible. Realized this as was day dreaming, in my mind palace, in the midst of a house party. When my mind initially started working its gears and cogs pondering this question didnt know where to go mentally, until I had an epiphany. The thought of a clock in its simplest form made everything easier to understand because even though humans are infinitely more complicated than clocks we still have many similarities in how we both produce our ticks. We will write a custom essay sample on What makes me tick specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What makes me tick specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What makes me tick specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Neither a clock nor a human can produce their tick without the necessary components and those very same components could not work without the stimulation of energy, and then it dawned on me, Before answering the question what makes me tick i have to know what my ticks are so what is my tick? What are my defining qualities? What does my hand move to the noise of? There isnt one single product like the movement of a hand or the changing of a number, humans are complicated. We do have what you could call components and a clear source of energy but answering what your tick is isnt such a simple task. I suppose you could say my tick is the production of creativity, concepts and connections which enable me create limitless possibilities, the opportunity to entirely pave the pathway to my future. More specifically some of my many, many ticks are an endless love for eating good food, Tech, traveling,Tv shows, Art in its many forms, education and an endless lust to succeed and obtain the obtainable . I dont just see food as function, as a mere source of energy but as an art form. Let needs to be enjoyed and consumed, for the unique pleasure that food alone can give. Nothing else compares to the way food stimulates all the menses. This appeal to the senses instantly evokes memories and whisks you far off, transporting you to a remembered world of time, place and people. Its our responsibility to be in awe of food and celebrate all that it is. Talk Traveling is what ever you make it, for me it is the idea of endless possibilities that await for the adventurer. Traveling excites me into a ball of euphoric anticipation awaiting anyone willing to break the seemingly inescapable mundane and the monotony of daily lifestyle, of familiarity and routines. The anticipation blinds us from the ecstasy of the present moment. Love to travel o seemingly alien worlds to leave everything behind, to discover, experience and explore the endless bounty that the world has to offer, and if done well discover myself again in the journey for self transcendence. Even though traveling can occur in a concentrated manner it can still change your entire perspective on life, broadening your mind and expanding your horizons . To me life is just one big adventure waiting for me to act, travel , explore and experience it. TOCK. The art Of cinematography is a beautiful mosaic comprised Of everything love. Through its many forms It can evoke every possible emotion pulling you onto a dream like state. If done well it releases you from the daily constraints and all of its burdens enveloping you in whatever world you desire at the flick of a switch. Igniting your childlike state of wonder, transfixing you in that moment and time making you feel whole as if this cinematography was the only tangible reality left. Just you and these fictional characters exploring the unexplored, immortalitys the most elusive thing, now thats why love TV. TICK Art and beauty in its many forms (in particular paintings) has had a firm hold since the day I was born transfixing me in its gaze, never ceasing to hold me n its aesthetic arrest. Ive had this searing passion permeate through my since i was single cell zygote . Waiting to bloom and flourish the moment was capable understand the dynamic event of beauty fully experiencing assimilating its perceptual vastness making time dilate because of the poetry of the moment. It alters the state of consciousness in a extraordinary moment of poetry and grace. Forcing me to marvel, reveling in a static elimination of opulence art sings in rapture and i love to drown in it. TOCK All these things truly embody me as an individual as navigate through this world . Trying desperately to transcend the normality of every day monotony. Making the now, represent me to the fullest degree . All to try and hopelessly create an identity for myself so that i can feel satisfied and happy with myself through the never ending cycle Of repetitiveness so that i can have dignity. Ill hearken back to my earlier words for it is physically impossible for a clock to work without its cogs, wires and components just like its impossible for me to produce my ticks without the right nurturing environment. Education, friends, ketchup, computers, TV shows and fulfillment keep me ticking away, pep me sane. For this allows me to fulfill and engineer my own divinity reining me in from the vertigo of freedom making me tick just one day at a time. Clocks come in various shapes, forms and sizes but its components cant function if they do not have a reliable source of energy just as cant work unless have what some would call human energy. For me human energy is the fundamentals of one self the you that you cant change: your traits. The real you the part of you that does not change but just waits for you to wake up and find it. To assimilate and construct a permanent rendering of it. That is what makes me tick.

Word Choice All Together vs. Altogether

Word Choice All Together vs. Altogether Word Choice: All Together vs. Altogether What happens when two words become one? Sometimes, like with â€Å"all right† and â€Å"alright,† both terms mean the same thing. But then we have â€Å"all together† and â€Å"altogether.† These terms have a shared origin, but they have also developed distinct meanings in modern English. How, then, should we use them? And how can you avoid errors in your writing? Let us explain. All Together (All in One Place or All in Unison) Written as two words, â€Å"all together† usually means â€Å"all in one place†: My family and I were all together on vacation last year. A slightly different use is to mean â€Å"all in unison† or â€Å"all at the same time†: Let’s sing a Christmas carol. All together now! We can also separate the â€Å"all† and â€Å"together† in some sentences. For example: All of my family and I were together on vacation last year. Let’s all sing a Christmas carol together! These mean the same as the equivalent sentences above, but they have been restructured. The key factor is that â€Å"all† is a determiner and â€Å"together† is an adverb in all of these sentences. Altogether (Entirely or Taken as a Whole) Written as one word, â€Å"altogether† usually means â€Å"entirely† or â€Å"completely†: I’m not altogether sure you used that word correctly. Another use is to mean â€Å"takes as a whole† or â€Å"all things considered†: Altogether, it was the best Christmas we ever had. Finally, especially in the UK, â€Å"in the altogether† is a slang phrase for being nude. You probably don’t need to know this, as it’s quite rare. But we find the phrase amusing, so we thought we’d share. All Together or Altogether? These terms have developed distinct meanings over time, so make sure not to confuse them. Remember: The two-word phrase all together means â€Å"all in one place† or â€Å"all in unison.† Written as a single word, altogether means â€Å"entirely† or â€Å"taken as a whole.† If you are unsure which to use, try replacing it in the sentence with â€Å"entirely† or â€Å"taken as a whole.† If the replacement fits, â€Å"altogether† will be correct. Otherwise, â€Å"all together† will be correct. And if you’d like any help checking the spelling in your writing, feel free to get in touch.

New Paper Publishing on the Verge of Extinction Essay

New Paper Publishing on the Verge of Extinction - Essay Example In events where the newspaper is state-owned or is a mainstream medium, it is likely to be extremely centralized and as a result, requires important investment and resources. In other words, this can be heavily influenced by the government through various mechanisms and forms of control. On the contrary, the digital media is radically dissimilar in terms of its characteristics. In its implications, the new media that is; the internet can be used for both â€Å"points to mass communications as well as point to point and mass to point message distribution†. They tend to be tremendously de-centralized and require very low investment. For instance, a blogger only requires having a computer and internet connection and one is able to get the breaking news while in the house and without necessary moving out to collect the newspaper. As a result, it provides greater interactivity and public participation and is much more difficult to fall prey to control. Reflecting on the above under standing, one can deduce that critics choose the new media over the newspaper due to its benefits.In most countries, the new media which comprise of the television, the radio and the internet has gain popularity and acceptance because of the need to have free information flow. This has been given the first priority since the mainstream media that is, the newspaper is perceived to be controlled by the government. In that sense, it does not provide secretive information concerning government matters, unlike other platforms such as Twitter. The nature of the internet has made it possible for online newspaper to be in operation as it is easy to join (Mahmud, S. (2009). A case study on the country of Malaysia reveals intense changes in the media context over the past few decades. Beginning with a controlled media environment where the print media worked under an annual licensing scheme and broadcasting media were state-controlled. Malaysia

Interaction during a Supervisory Episode Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interaction during a Supervisory Episode - Essay Example The clinical setting is made up of numerous fields, all of which work to the best interest of the patients or clients. The dental practice setting is essentially one of these fields. Newly qualified dentists (foundation dentists) are subjected to the supervision of the trainers (supervisors) in order to enhance their knowledge, skills, and practice experience. The interaction between trainers and trainees is designed to mentor and coach the trainees, thus improving their ways of addressing and countering practice-related challenges. In the dental practice setting, extraction of tooth is a normal activity. It is one of the many ways through patients improve their dental health. After a close examination by the dentist, the patient is advised accordingly. There are different procedures designed to promote dental health, tooth extraction included. Once a dentist examines the patient’s tooth, the dentist advises the patient on what to do. For deteriorated tooth conditions, the pat ient could be advised to undergo tooth extraction. Both experienced and foundation dentists can perform this procedure. Where a trainer-trainee interaction is in progress, the foundation dentists are expected to undertake the task under the supervision of the trainer. This is done to enhance practice experience and effectiveness of handling dental-related tasks or procedures by the foundation dentist. In my line of supervision, this is exactly what unfolds in the dental practice unit. In most cases, a foundation dentist.

In Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlehem

In Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlehem In Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlehem Royal Hospital [1984] 1 ALL ER 1018 Dunn LJ stated in the Court of Appeal that 'the concept of informed consent plays no part in English law' (per Dunn LJ at 1030). Is this still an accurate reflection of the law? In Sidaway, the plaintiff brought an action against the hospital and surgeon who performed an operation on her back. The operation she had undergone carried an inherent risk to her spinal column and nerve roots. Even if it was performed perfectly, there was still about a two per cent chance that she would suffer injury to her spinal column. As it turned out, the operation was performed correctly, but nevertheless, the plaintiff suffered injury to her spinal column. She brought an action for negligence based solely on the ground that she had not been warned of the inherent risks of the procedure and that she would not have consented to the operation had she been so informed. It was found in fact at the trial that the surgeon failed to inform the plaintiff that the operation was not necessary and was actually optional. It was also found that while she had been warned of the risk of damage to the nerve roots, she had not been warned of the less likely, but potentially more serious, ris k to the spinal column. It was also accepted that had the plaintiff been aware of these facts she would not have undergone the surgery. However, the trial judge also found that the course the surgeon had taken was backed by a ‘responsible body of medical opinion’ and therefore, applying the test formulated in Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582, the standard of care that the surgeon owed the patient had been discharged. This ruling was upheld by the Court of Appeal and made its way to the House of Lords, where Dunn LJ’s quotation in the title is taken from. The House of Lords, by applying the Bolam test, also upheld the judgment on the ground that if a responsible body of medical opinion supported a course of action, this was sufficient to discharge the duty of care owed to a patient by a doctor. However, the reasoning in the case on the issue of informed consent is very enlightening. The first point to note is that Lord Scarman was the sole dissenting opinion in the case. Lord Scarman was of the opinion that, ‘the doctor’s duty arises from his patient’s rights. If one considers the scope of the doctor’s duty by beginning with the right of the patient to make his own decision whether he will or will not undergo the treatment proposed, the right to be informed of significant risk and the doctor’s corresponding duty are easy to understand: for the proper implementation of the right requires that the doctor be under a duty to inform his patient of the material risks inherent in the treatment.’(p. 888) Lord Scarman’s conclusion therefore was that the law ‘recognizes a right of a patient of sound understanding to be warned of material risks save in [exceptional circumstances]. This was not however the view of the other judges. Lord Bridge of Harwich for example, gave three reasons why the imposition of such a duty on patients would not be practical under English law. The first is that it would fail to take into account the reality of the doctor patient relationship in many situations. The doctor bases his decision to follow a certain course of treatment on a variety of factors and it would be impractical to expect him to educate the patient of the full implications of all of these factors. In fact, doing so may increase the trauma and stress of some patients. Secondly, the question of whether disclosure of information should have been made in any case would be best answered by reference to expert medical opinion on a case by case basis and not as a general rule applicable to all cases. Thirdly, Lord Bridge thought it would be impossible in practice for a court to apply a subjective test to the question of what was a ‘material risk’ that a pati ent should have been informed of, and what was an immaterial risk that would not require disclosure. This subjective test being one put forward in the American case of Canterbury v Spence (1972) 464 F. 2d 772. The statement of Dunn LJ quoted above was firmly upheld in the House of Lords. Sidaway however, was a case decided in 1984 and 1985. Massive advancements have been made both in the standard of medical care provided by doctors, and the requirements of the law in this field, in the intervening years. Therefore, it falls to be discussed, does the principal in Sidaway still apply? Perhaps the best starting place for such a discussion would be to follow Lord Scarman’s approach, quoted above, of looking at the right of the patient. The first right that all of us have, dating back to the early sources of the common law, is the right to bodily integrity. This right is so ingrained in our law that it can rarely be violated, even with the victim’s consent. As Swift J stated in the case of R v Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 at 507, when it comes to violation of the principle of bodily integrity, ‘consent is immaterial.’ Furthermore, for the most part, the motive of the violator is often irrelevant and even the good intentions of a doctor will not excuse a violation of the principle. In the American case of Schloendorff v Society of New York Hospital 105 NE 92 (NY, 1914) Cardozo J put it clearly when he said that ‘a surgeon who performs an operation without the patient’s consent commits an assault,’ This position has been affirm ed in England in A-G’s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 where it was clearly asserted that it is the patient’s consent alone, and not the good motives of the doctor or any other public interest that make a doctor’s interference with the patient lawful. However, absolute as the twin principles of bodily integrity and patient consent appear, there are a number of exceptions in practice. The law distinguishes involuntary treatment, that is treatment that the patient does not consent to, from non-voluntary treatment, that is treatment that the patient is unable to consent to because he is for example unconscious or otherwise unable to provide valid consent. One justification for non-voluntary treatment is that the patient is presumed to consent, as it is highly likely that he would have done so had he been conscious. This approach however, does not have universal academic support (Mitchell, 1995). The more favoured justification comes from the law of necessity, which recognizes the need to act in an emergency, despite the fact that the necessary consent has not been obtained (Skegg, 1974). The requirements for this exception to apply are that the patient is unable to consent, that there is no one capable of consenting on his behalf, th at there is genuine urgency and that there are no known objections to treatment from the patient (In re Boyd, 403 A2d 744 (DC 1979)). The basic approach has been summed up succinctly by Lord Devlin (1962: p. 90) where he said ‘The Good Samaritan is a character unesteemed in English law.’ The principle has been developed further by the Canadian Supreme Court which has developed a distinction between procedures which are necessary and procedures which are convenient. While a doctor may be justified in performing a necessary procedure without consent, to perform a merely convenient one would be beyond what he is authorized to do. Two colourful Canadian cases illustrate the distinction well. The first, Marhsall v Curry [1933] 3 DLR 260, concerns a case where a doctor removed a testicle during the course of a hernia operation. While the patient was naturally dismayed to wake up to the discovery, the court held that the doctor had been justified in acting as he had because of the nature of the patient’s condition and the fact that the operation could not have been regarded as successful but for the doctor’s decision. This case is contrasted with that of Murray v McMurchy [1949] 2 DLR 442 in which the doctor tied a defective fallopian tube during the course of a caesarian section. This was held to have been convenient as the woman would have been at risk, had she undergone another pregnancy, and a separate operation to tie the tube could be avoided by performing the procedure now. However, the court found that the operation was not necessary in the legal sense and therefore a breach of the patientà ¢â‚¬â„¢s right. The relevance of these cases to English law was affirmed by the Court of Appeal in Devi v West Midland Regional Health Authority [1981] CA 491 which followed the Canadian courts reasoning. It should also be clearly noted that the consent of the patient, and the principle of patient autonomy takes precedence over any arguments of medical paternalism. This fact was stated in the two highly publicized and controversial cases of Re T (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 649 and Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821. Also, where a doctor acts without any consent at all, law sees this situation as appropriate for a charge of battery. This will be the case where a doctor proceeds to act on a patient, despite the fact that the patient has expressly refused the treatment (Molloy v Hop Sang [1935] 1 WWR 714). It is also the case where the doctor proceeds to provide a patient with treatment that is materially different from the treatment that the patient consented to. This was the case in Schweizer v Central Hospital (1974) 53 DLR (3D) 494 where a patient consented to a toe operation, and the surgeon subsequently operated on the patient’s back. This is therefore. The starting position that led Lord Scarman to dissent from his colleagues in the Sidaway judgment. It is clear that the principle of bodily integrity is given the highest level of respect and protection under English law. Lord Scarman was saying that in order for a patient to exercise and enforce this right, he had to be informed of the details, risks and nature of a medical procedure. Further to this, Lord Scarman also was of the opinion that if a patient gave his consent without being properly informed of the risks and nature of the procedure he was consenting to, then this consent was in an important sense defective. This is the nature of the principle of informed consent, and requires that in order for a patient’s consent to be effective, and in order for a doctor to be able to properly act on it, the patient must have understood what he was consenting to. Sidaway was clearly a decision that rejected the concept of informed consent. This was recognized in Canada where the courts expressly refused to follow the decision and instead opted for upholding the informed consent requirement. One example of many is that of Haughian v Paine [1987] 4 WWR 97 in which the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal decided not to follow Sidaway and instead ruled that a doctor had been negligent in performing an operation for which the patient had not been told the consequences of undergoing no treatment at all. This case followed quickly on the heals of Sidaway. However, as late as 1997, academics in England were still confidently asserting that â€Å"English law does not recognize the doctrine of informed consent† (Grundy, 1997: p. 211). However, by this time, the attention had shifted to another principle in English law that was providing patient’s with a choice. This principle can also be traced to the Sidaway decision, the very case that rejected the application of informed consent in England. In his dissenting judgment, Lord Scarman said (at p. 884), ‘Unless statute has intervened to restrict the range of judge-made law, the common law enables the judges, when faced with a situation where a right recognized by the law is not adequately protected, either to extend existing principles to cover the situation or to apply an existing remedy to redress the injustice.’ It is this principle of the law that has been leading to significant inroads being created into the Bolam test in the context of the information given to a patient to enable him or her to make a decision. The view of Lord Bridge that it would be impractical to expect the doctor to explain absolutely everything to the patient, has in fact been flipped on its head, and the prevailing sentiment now seems to be that it would be unreasonable for the patient to explain the entire circumstances of his life, medical, social, economic and otherwise, that would be necessary to make a truly informed decision and that therefore, it is the patient who is in a far better position to make the best decision based on the information available. Even in Sidaway a pure Bolam approach was being compromised. Both Lord Bridge and Lord Keith were of the opinion that, ‘When questioned specifically by a patient of apparently sound mind about risks involved in a particular treatment proposed, the doctor’s duty must, in my opinion, be to answer both truthfully and as fully as the question requires’ (per Lord Bridge at 898). If one was to think about this statement in practice, it is in fact a lot more significant a compromise than it may seem. In reality, it is extremely likely that the vast majority of patients would ask their doctor a large number of questions concerning the risks and relative benefits of different courses. It would be a rare patient these days who would see a doctor, hear of a course of recommended treatment, and then accept it unquestioningly. The easy availability of medical information, and access to education and awareness of relevant issues has been promoted in the last couple of decades to the standard where patients are likely to be highly informed on their conditions and the options available to them, and they will certainly expect to engage in a frank discussion with their doctor on the courses of treatment available. It could almost be assumed, that in cases where a patient did not ask about the risks of a procedure of his doctor, either he had sufficient knowledge and cons ented to the doctor’s approach, or abrogated his right to further information in favour of accepting the doctor’s assessment. The second inroad contained in Sidaway itself was asserted by Lords Bridge, Templeman and Keith to the effect that (per Lord Bridge at 900), ‘Even in a case where, as here, no expert witness in the relevant medical field contends the non-disclosure as being in conflict with accepted and responsible medical practice, I am of the opinion that the Judge might in certain circumstances come to the conclusion that disclosure of a particular risk was so obviously necessary to an informed choice on the part of the patient that no reasonably prudent medical man would fail to make it.’ Combined with the previously mentioned inroad, the two conditions together provide significant safeguards to the patient’s right to meaningfully consent. Even if the patient fails to touch on serious issues and risks in his own research, or conversation with the doctor, the doctor is also under an obligation to raise of his own initiative, particular risk that are obviously necessary for ‘an informed choice on the part of the patient.’ Without actually using the phrase, the standard that the court was setting out in Sidaway was in fact starting to sound quite close to the concept of informed consent, at least for the vast majority of cases, in practice. As identified by Gurndy (1997: p. 213) the approach adopted in Sidaway is in fact a limited form of informed consent, ‘for it acknowledges that: a patient’s right of decision should be recognized and respected; where the patient undergoes an operation involving a substantial risk of grave adverse consequences a doctor failing to disclose such risk would be negligent save for circumstances where there was some cogent clinical reason why the patient should not be informed.’ Since Sidaway therefore, there have been a number of cases highlighting the importance of the patient’s right to know, and putting the Bolam test into a subsidiary role as merely one of a number of factors that should be taken into account. In Blyth v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 4 Med LR 151 (per Kerr LJ at 157) it was said, ‘The question of what a plaintiff should be told in answer to a general enquiry cannot be divorced from the Bolam test any more than when no such enquiry is made. In both cases the answer must depend upon the circumstances, the nature of the enquiry, the nature of the information which is available, its reliability, relevance, the condition of the patient and so forth.’ Without creating an express right to all information that is available, the court was saying that Bolam is just one of the factors that are relevant in questions of this type. In Smith v Turnbirdge Wells Health Authority [1994] 5 Med LR 334 (per Mr. Justice Morland at 399) the court went against Bolam when it said, ‘By 1988 although some surgeons may still not have been warning patients similar in situation to the plaintiff of the risk of impotence, that omission was neither reasonable nor responsible.’ Therefore, despite passing the Bolam test, the defendants failed on the grounds of a reasonable and responsible test. In Moyes v Lothian Health Board [1990] 1 Med LR 463 the court found that the overarching test was ‘whether the doctor has shown reasonable care for the safety of his patient.’ In Abbas v Kenney [1996] 7 Med LR 47 the court stated that ‘A doctor has a duty to explain what he intends to do and the implications of what he is going to do. It must be explained in such a way that the patient can understand.’ Therefore, to conclude, it is possible to say that while the courts purport to be applying the Bolam test, as set out in Sidaway, the fact of the matter is that they are actually operating on principles much closer to a practical understanding of a modified form of informed consent. There are numerous cases that show that the mere fact that a body of professional opinion would not have disclosed certain information will not be enough for a doctor to avoid a finding of negligence. At the same time, there are numerous judicial statements to the effect that doctors must inform their patients of the basic information necessary in order for them to exercise their right to consent. Therefore, while in theory there is no doctrine of informed consent in English law, the practical approach, stemming from Sidaway and subsequent practice, is that a modified doctrine of informed consent does prevail in English law, and any doctors who ignored this fact would be standing on very shaky legal groun d. Reference List Texts and Articles Beauchamp Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 3rd ed. 1990, Cambridge Buchanan Brock, Deciding for Others, 1989, London Campbell, Moral Dilemmas in Medicine, 3rd ed. 1984, Oxford University Press Castiglioni, A history of Medicine, trans and ed E B Krunghaar, 2nd ed. 1947 Fulford, Moral Theory and Medical Practice, 1989, Oxford Grundy, P., Bolam, Sidaway and the Unrecognised Doctrine of Informed Consent: A Fresh Approach, (1997) JPIL, Dec. 211 Lord Devlin, Samples in Law Making, (1962) Oxford University Press, Oxford Mason McCall Smith, Law and Medical Ethics, 4th ed. 1994, Butterowrths, London Mitchell, J., A Fundamental Problem of Consent (1995) 310 BMJ 43 Skegg, A., A Justification for Medical Procedures Performed without Consent, (19740 90 LQR 512 Cases Abbas v Kenney [1996] 7 Med LR 47 A-G’s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821 Blyth v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 4 Med LR 151 Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 Canterbury v Spence (1972) 464 F. 2d 772 Devi v West Midland Regional Health Authority [1981] CA 491 Haughian v Paine [1987] 4 WWR 97 In re Boyd, 403 A2d 744 (DC 1979) Marhsall v Curry [1933] 3 DLR 260 Molloy v Hop Sang [1935] 1 WWR 714 Moyes v Lothian Health Board [1990] 1 Med LR 463 Murray v McMurchy [1949] 2 DLR 442 R v Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 Re T (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 649 Schloendorff v Society of New York Hospital 105 NE 92 (NY, 1914) Schweizer v Central Hospital (1974) 53 DLR (3D) 494 Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlehem Royal Hospital [1984] 1 ALL ER 1018 Smith v Turnbirdge Wells Health Authority [1994] 5 Med LR 334